| ASSYRIA | Emerging as an independent state in the 14th century BCE, it became a major power in Mesopotamia, Armenia, and sometimes in northern Syria, before declining after the death of Tukulti-Ninurta I about |
| OMAN | Arab country which was a major power in the early 19th century (4) |
| FLORENCE | It was founded as a Roman military colony about the 1st century BCE. It is the capital of Tuscany. In The Taming of the Shrew (act 1, scene 1), Lucentio says, "A merchant of great traffic through the |
| CATANIA | This city in Italy was founded in 729 BCE by Chalcidians and then renamed Aetna in the 5th century BCE. It is home to ancient Roman and Greek ruins and structures, and it was rebuilt in Baroque style |
| PANTHEON | It was built as a temple in the Campus Martius, Rome, by Marcus Agrippa, 27 BCE. It is now used as a church. The body of the building is an immense circular space lit solely a 27-foot (8-metre) "eye," |
| BAGUIRMI | Islamic kingdom or sultanate that existed as an independent state during the 16th and 17th centuries southeast of Lake Chad |
| SERBIA | Part of Yugoslavia from 1929 to 2003, it became an independent state in 2006 (6) |
| MESSINA | It is a city and a port. It was first mentioned about 730 BCE. It was founded by settlers from Chalcis, who called it Zankle ("Sickle"), from the shape of its harbour. In Much Ado About Nothing (act 1 |
| KOSOVO | A Balkan region recognised by many countries as an independent state |
| EGYPT | After 50 years of British occupation, this Mid East country became an independent state in August, 1 |
| LATERAN | Name of the treaty that restored the Vatican city as an independent papal state in 1929 (7) |
| TUNISIA | According to Greek legend, Dido founded the city of Carthage in this country in the 9th century BCE. That city is now a suburb of the country's capital. |
| VALIANT | Model name for the US Chrysler/ Plymouth compact sedan introduced in 1960, which became a major marque name in the Aussie market (7) |
| CONFERENCE | Southern Christian Leadership ___ (organization established in 1957 that became a major force in the |
| VATICANCITY | An independent state forming an enclave in Rome, spiritual centre of the Roman Catholic Church (7,4) |
| VERMONT | This small state in the northeastern U.S. existed as an independent republic from 1777 to 1790. (7) |
| VATICAN | Which landlocked city state is the smallest internationally recognised independent state in the world? (7) |
| TACTICUS | During the 4th century BCE, he wrote On the Defense of Fortifications, one chapter of which was devoted to cryptography, making it the earliest treatise on the subject. |
| ANTIOCH | Now in Turkey, this city was founded by one of Alexander the Great's generals in the 4th century BCE |
| LUCAS | Who (Joseph ___) produced a bicycle lamp in 1875, and later became a major manufacturer of auto electrical parts? |
